Inflation for the eurozone as a whole fell to 0.7% in October, significantly below the consensus expectation of 1.1%. Headline inflation in the eurozone has been falling throughout 2013 due to factors such as the rolling-off of indirect tax increases, which took place during 2012 and a decline in food and energy prices, all of which Mario Draghi, the governor of the ECB, has alluded to at his monthly press conferences this year. However, it is important to note core inflation, which excludes the more volatile components of inflation (food, energy, tobacco and alcohol prices) has also been declining during 2013 (see first chart).
Core inflation is arguably a truer measure of the underlying rate of inflation. The numbers should be of serious concern to the European Central bank (core inflation was at 0.8% this month). With inflation below 1% on both measures questions are bound to be raised regarding what the ECB plans to do about it.
The ECB has been keen to stress the importance of inflation expectations, which have remained steady as the second chart illustrates. The bank remains of the view that provided expectations are sustained at current levels, then the current low levels of inflation in the eurozone will abate as the European economy recovers.
Whilst this viewpoint may be justified, the relatively passive approach taken by the ECB to date carries considerable risks. The experience of Japan shows how hard it is to escape from deflation once it has taken hold. These risks are all the more apparent in some of the constituent economies of the eurozone and their prevailing rates of inflation. Greece is already experiencing deflation, with consumer price inflation at -1% year-on-year (yoy) in October and Spain is perilously close to deflation with the October inflation rate at just 0.1% yoy. Even Germany, the strongest eurozone economy, is registering inflation at just 1.3% yoy.
When one considers the very high level of unemployment in the Eurozone (12.2%), the lack of credit creation and the appreciation of the euro over recent months, as revealed in the respective charts below, the ECB faces a challenge in tackling these deflationary forces.